English and Welsh (from 1536) Parliaments held away from Westminster

Parliament was frequently summoned to sites other than Westminster between the 13th and 15th centuries, including to York, Winchester, Oxford, Nottingham and other sites in London.

However, summoning Parliament to other sites became substantially rarer in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under the Tudors (1485 to 1603), all but two parliamentary sessions were held in Westminster (meeting at Blackfriars in 1523 and 1529). Under the Stuarts (1603 to 1714), four parliamentary sessions were assembled at Oxford (in 1625, 1644, 1665 and 1681), including the Royalist Parliament of 1644.

The final parliamentary session to be held outside Westminster, in Oxford in March 1681 was a response to fears of public disorder during the “Exclusion Crisis.” The session met for a single week. The “Exclusion parliaments” is the name given to three short assemblies which met in 1679, 1680 and 1681 that were dominated by the issue of excluding from the throne the brother of Charles II, James, Duke of York, a Catholic. The Duke of York acceded to the throne as James II, who ruled from 1685 to 1689.

The term ‘parliament’ and the development of the institution

Parliament grew out of a tradition of medieval assemblies and councils convened by the Crown to discuss issues of law, taxation or governance.

Especially in the 13th and early 14th centuries, Parliament’s form, functions or composition were not firmly established.

Membership during the reign of Henry III regularly involved the King, members of royal council, and ecclesiastical and lay leaders (such as earls and barons). It was during the reign of Edward I (1272 to 1307) that the term ‘parliament’ became the standard term for the meetings. The first recorded evidence of knights being summoned as representatives of individual counties and burgesses on behalf of towns also dates back to the reign of Edward I.

Even after this point, Parliament’s powers and role remained very different from today. It was not until after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 that Parliament sat annually and passed substantial and regular amounts of legislation. From the later 17th century, contested elections and the development of political parties also became part of the political landscape. Before this point, Parliament’s meetings were infrequent and unpredictable in their timing and length, as were their legislative and judicial output. 

Information in the Excel file 

The downloadable Excel file lists the year, monarch and location of English and Welsh parliaments (from the Acts of Union with Wales passed between 1536 and 1542) held away from Westminster from the early 13th century. Source details are available in the Excel file.  

Further information  

For further reading on the history and development of Parliament, see:

• Clyve Jones, A short history of parliament, 2009
• R. Maddicott, The origins of the English parliament, 924-1327, 2010
• History of Parliament, Explore: Themes and issues
• UK Parliament, The evolution of parliament

Parliament: Facts and figures

The Parliament: Facts and figures series covers topics including elections, government, legislation, MPs and parliamentary business.  

Please get in touch with us at [email protected] with comments, corrections, or if you would like to access the data in a different format.